2.   Act of State – A principle of international law that holds that the domestic actions of a sovereign state are not subject to judicial review by foreign courts. 

3.   Advisory Opinion – A non-binding opinion issued by international courts or tribunals in response to legal questions posed by a state or international organization. 

4.   Arbitration – A method of resolving disputes outside of courts where an impartial third party makes a binding decision. 

5.   Arms Control – International agreements aimed at regulating or reducing the proliferation and use of weapons, particularly nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. 

6.   Asylum – Protection granted to individuals in a foreign country due to fear of persecution in their home country. 

7.   Atrocity Crimes – Serious violations of international law, including genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. 

8.   Balance of Power – A concept in international relations in which states or groups of states maintain equilibrium through alliances, military capabilities, and diplomacy to prevent any one state from becoming too dominant. 

9.   Bilateral Treaty – A treaty between two sovereign states regulating their relationship on specific matters. 

10.               Charter of the United Nations – The foundational treaty of the UN that outlines its principles, purposes, and structure. 

11.               CIL (Customary International Law) – A body of international law derived from state practice and accepted as legally binding, even if not codified in treaties. 

12.               Conflict of Laws – A field of international law concerned with determining which jurisdiction's laws apply in cases involving foreign elements. 

13.               Consular Immunity – A form of diplomatic immunity granted to consuls, allowing them to carry out their duties without interference from the host country's laws. 

14.               Convention – A formal, legally binding agreement between states under international law, often dealing with specific issues like human rights or trade. 

15.               Diplomatic Immunity – A principle of international law that provides diplomats with legal protection from the host country’s laws while performing official duties. 

16.               Diplomatic Privileges – Benefits and protections afforded to diplomats under international law, including immunity from arrest and personal liability. 

17.               Extradition – The formal process through which one country requests the return of a suspected criminal from another country.